Graduate Research Assistantships (MS and PhD) in Salt Marsh Resilience

 

The Coastal Disturbance Ecology Lab (www.cdel.org) at Stony Brook University is recruiting for two graduate positions (preferably one MS and one PhD) to research salt marsh resilience and the impacts of restoration. These fully funded Research Assistant positions, including a tuition waiver and a competitive stipend, are within the School for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (SoMAS) and will begin Fall or Summer 2025.

 

The successful applicants will conduct field research and spatial analysis that monitors salt marsh vegetation, hydrology, elevation, and soil properties. One position will focus on monitoring the impact of tidal restoration on salt marsh health and the other position will quantify and model salt marsh resilience along the Long Island Sound. Prior knowledge of and experience (or a desire to learn!) with wetland/coastal plants, GIS, and R programming is highly desirable. There will be an opportunity for both positions to be trained and fly drones that capture LiDAR and multispectral imagery. Candidates from backgrounds underrepresented in STEM are highly encouraged to apply.

 

Interested candidates should email Giovanna McClenachan (giovanna.mcclenachan@stonybrook.edu) for more information about the positions. In the email, please include a CV, contact info for 3 references, and a paragraph that addresses: (i) your research interests, (ii) why you are interested in this position, and (iii) why you feel qualified to successfully complete a graduate degree. Please indicate whether you are interested in the MS or PhD position. 

The deadline for application for admission to the SoMAS Graduate program is December 15th but interested applicants must contact Giovanna McClenachan prior to applying. For more information about the program visit: https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/somas/education/graduate/mar.

PhD Assistantship – Forest management for climate adaptation and wildlife

Applications are sought for a funded PhD assistantship to investigate outcomes of ecologically based silvicultural treatments in young forests. The Adaptive Complexity Thinning (ACT) study tests alternative treatments designed to achieve forest restoration and climate change adaptation goals while maintaining habitat for snowshoe hare populations. The PhD student will lead investigations of treatment effects on forest structure and development, as well as remote camera assessment of snowshoe hare habitat use, including snow cover duration and hare coat color (mis)match. Up to eight semesters and three summers of support are available. Compensation includes competitive salary and consideration of tuition, fees, and insurance.

Background. The ACT study aims to advance a science-based forest management approach that balances the potentially competing objectives of forest restoration, climate change adaptation, and conservation of snowshoe hare and Canada lynx. The project is a partnership between the University of Montana, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the US Forest Service (USFS), and The Nature Conservancy (TNC). ACT study replicates are located on BLM, USFS, and TNC lands. The position is supervised by Professor Andrew J. Larson.

Required Qualifications
-Ability to obtain admission to the Forest and Conservation Sciences PhD program
-Demonstrated ability to manage and analyze large datasets using R
-Foundational knowledge of forest dynamics and wildlife habitat development
-Ability to safely conduct field work in all seasons, including leading field crews
-Evidence of excellent interpersonal and communication skills

Preferred Qualifications
-Familiarity with remote camera methods for monitoring wildlife populations
-A record of publication in the peer-reviewed literature
-MS degree in Forestry, Wildlife Biology, Ecology, or related discipline (candidates without a MS will be considered)

Application Procedure and Start Date. The position start date is May or June of 2025. To apply, send a cover letter that explains, with evidence, how you meet the required and preferred qualifications, current CV, unofficial transcripts, and names and contacts of three professional references to Andrew Larson at a.larson@umontana.edu  . Include the phrase "ACT Assistantship" in the subject line. Apply by Dec. 9, 2024.

About UM and Missoula. The University of Montana is a place where top-tier students, educators, and researchers thrive. UM is located in Missoula, Montana's second-largest city with a population of 80,000 residents. Missoula offers a high quality of life, with multiple rivers, trails, and wilderness areas within minutes of campus, and a vibrant arts community including frequent performances by national musical acts. The city is known for its welcoming and inclusive community and is home to a growing population that reflects a broad spectrum of perspectives and experiences, making it one of the more diverse areas in the state. Missoula and the surrounding area host an impactful land management and conservation science community including major federal research labs, land management agencies, and significant conservation and environmental NGOs.

Fully funded PhD position at the University of Idaho: Climate Smart Ag. practices on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions

Searching for graduate research assistants to join my group housed within the Soil and Water Systems Department at the University of Idaho. I lead a supportive group of students, post-doctoral scholars, and technicians to carry out research related to soil, air, and water in natural and managed systems.

Currently, I would like to recruit a student interested in soil gas flux (CO2, CH4, N2O) resulting from changes in agroecological systems. Across the state of Idaho, we will have instrumented field stations and grower fields to capture these gas emissions. There are several opportunities to relate the gas flux estimates with soil carbon and nutrients, microbial communities, plant interactions, and more. The project is part of a $55 million project awarded to the University of Idaho. The student will join a large team of students and scientists working toward cropland CO2 removal.

Qualifications: A BS/BA degree or MS in an appropriate field (soil science, plant science, biogeochemistry, physics, chemistry, etc.). A familiarity or demonstrated interest in gas flux instrumentation is beneficial. Field research experience is also desirable. A driver's license is necessary.

The successful candidate will start their studies in Fall 2024, but they can join the lab and field activities as a paid lab assistant throughout the Spring and Summer semesters of this year.

The lab also houses state-of-the-art isotopic analyzers, flow injection analyzers, and mass spectrometers. The University of Idaho also maintains its own sequencing and bioinformatics laboratory. Projects in the lab include accelerator mass spectrometry and biogeochemical modeling through collaboration with national lab partners.

The University of Idaho is located in Moscow, a small college town on the cusp of the Northern Rocky Mountains. There is plenty of space, clean air, and clear water for any kind of activity (hiking, fishing, mountain biking, etc.). Highlights include the farmer's market, the Jazz festival, and local theaters.

Please contact Dr. Kayler for more information. The positions offered come with a full stipend ($28K), tuition, and health insurance. Send an email with the subject "PhD Student Application" to: Dr. Zachary Kayler (zkayler@uidaho.edu  ) that contains the following: (1) a one-page cover letter describing your academic and research experience, reasons for pursuing graduate school, your specific current research interests; and (2) your curriculum vitae. I will contact those individuals with compelling experience.

Fully funded PhD in Scotland: Ecology, Statistics, AI

 ‘Developing efficient and accessible “data-to-decision” pipelines for remotely sensed biodiversity data.’

Home institution: University of St Andrews

Supervisors:

-          Chris Sutherland (Univ. of St Andrews, Center for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling)

-          Xavier Lambin (Univ. of Aberdeen, School of Biological Sciences)

-          Carl Chalmers (Liverpool John Moores University, Conservation AI)

-          Kenny Kortland (Forestry and Land Scotland)

PhD start date: 30th September 2024

Application deadline: 9^th February 2024

Application information: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/mathematics-statistics/prospective/pgr/

Apply: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/pgr/home.htm

Contact: Chris Sutherland css6@st-andrews.ac.uk

PhD position in Soil Microbiology at UTSA

The Microbial Ecology Lab at the University of Texas at San Antonio is accepting applications for a PhD graduate research assistant to join our group in the Department of Integrative Biology. The position start date is Fall 2024, but can be filled as soon as June, 2024.

The applicant will be working primarily with Dr. Allison Veach, Dr. Saugata Datta, and other collaborators through the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) in San Antonio, Texas USA with field sites spanning urban - rangeland - grasslands in central Texas. Project goals are to use novel, field-based methods to identify fungal and bacterial biomass across soils and relate field counts to validated laboratory estimates. Additionally, land-use impacts on dynamic soil properties, including soil microbiomes, will be evaluated. The applicant will lead field soil sampling campaigns, collaborate on outreach with community participants, and oversee undergraduate technicians on related work. Both significant field and laboratory work will be required.

This graduate research position is fully funded ($24,000 annual salary) with tuition coverage. Health care is also included during the applicants appointment. Additional university scholarships may be available to supplement salary. UTSA is a public research university and a Hispanic-Serving Institution located in northwest San Antonio. The main campus, where this position will be housed, enrolls ~35,000 students, has a diverse set of faculty and students in environmental science, microbiology and microbial ecology, geosciences, and ecology.

Qualifications: Master’s degree in Biology, Environmental Science, Ecology, or related discipline with a minimum GPA of 3.0 is preferred. However, a Bachelors degree is also acceptable depending on applicant experience and interests. Interest in microbial ecology, soil science, and willingness to engage in community science activities. Strong written and verbal communication and an ability to work independently is required.

Application Process: Please email a compiled PDF that includes (1) a cover letter highlighting applicants interest and experiences, (2) CV and (3) three names of profession references to Dr. Allison Veach at allison.veach@utsa.edu. Review of applications will begin in January and remain open until the position is filled. Please contact Dr. Veach with any questions pertaining to this position.

FFAR FELLOWS: Ready for the 2024-2027 Cohort

Applications for the 2024-2027 FFAR Fellows

You would be an ideal candidate for one of these roles! This is for: PhD students studying food and agriculture sciences in US or Canadian universities who strive to be the next generation of leaders and to collaborate with others desiring the same For more information: Recruitment flyer Program brochure ffarfellows.org ffarfellows.org/apply OR contact:  Rebecca Dunning, Director of the FFAR Fellows Program rebecca_dunning@ncsu.edu DEADLINES February 22 for the Stipend + Professional Development Category April 15 for the Professional Development Category

PhD Position in Norway

Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA) at Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) has a vacant 3-year PhD position in Applied Ecology: Bats and wind turbines – developing an evidence base for reducing renewable energy-biodiversity conflicts.

Find out more here

PhD student opportunity: Plastics-free coastal environmental applications

PhD student opportunities: Plastics-free coastal environmental applications

William Strosnider at the University of South Carolina's Baruch Marine Field Laboratory (Georgetown, SC) is recruiting one or more PhD students to start in the spring, summer, or fall of 2024.

The overarching goal of the NOAA-funded project is to catalyze plastics reduction in coastal environmental applications. Research will center on advancing the science and engineering of non-plastic, nature-based alternatives for coastal environmental restoration (e.g., jute reef prisms), water quality protection (e.g., fully organic erosion control geotextiles), and aquaculture (e.g., biodegradable clam netting). Our team will focus on mesocosm and field studies to evaluate alternative material performance (e.g., living shoreline oyster recruitment/mortality, clam predation control, estuarine water quality protection, shoreline erosion control).

The research will include observational, experimental, and modeling components with flexibility for students to develop individualized research questions along the gradient between ecology and engineering. Year-round support (including health benefits & tuition) will be provided through a mixture of teaching and research assistantships. Research will be based at the Baruch Marine Field Laboratory and nearby field sites with the expectation of substantial periods in residence on-site in Georgetown, SC.

Applicants will have secured, by the time of enrollment, an M.S. degree in a related discipline (e.g., Biology, Marine Science, Environmental Science, Environmental/Ecological Engineering, etc.). Preferred qualifications include field experience, a demonstrated ability to work independently, and experience working across disciplines. Interested individuals should contact Dr. William Strosnider via email (bill@baruch.sc.edu) to discuss their background, research interests, and further project details.

funded graduate student position studying biochar and bioproducts at Penn State

 Penn State's Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering is seeking applicants for a funded graduate student assistantship position, pursuing a graduate degree in one of our department's two graduate programs:

- Agricultural and Biological Engineering

- Biorenewable Systems

Preference will be given to Master’s Degree students, but Ph.D. applicants will be considered as well.

This position is funded by Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences and the USDA-Funded MASBio Consortium - a regional research, extension and education project focused on developing bioproducts opportunities in the Mid Atlantic United States (www.masbio.wvu.edu). Thus, the research topic for the student will be related to thermally treated biomass, biochar or other bioproducts derived from biomass crops (switchgrass, shrub willow and/or forest residues). The recipient of this award will have excellent opportunities to interact with a broad network of researchers and educators from throughout the region and gain hands-on knowledge and understanding of their subject of study. As a graduate assistant, the recipient of this award will be expected to provide nominally 20 hours of work per week under the direction of their faculty advisor. Tasks will vary, but will include both research and extension activities. Funding covers the cost of tuition, plus a stipend to defray living costs while pursuing your degree.

Applicants should have a strong academic record, and be completing or have completed a bachelor's degree in a relevant field of study (as well as a Master's Degree, in the case of Ph.D. applicants). They should have an interest in biomass, bioproducts, and bioenergy. Prior experience with research, project development and/or agricultural extension is ideal but not required.

Applications will be accepted on an ongoing basis, until the position is filled. Evaluations of applications will begin 15 May, 2023. Please submit your resume', academic records, list of three references, and a letter of interest to dec109@psu.edu. If selected for the assistantship, you will then have to apply and be admitted to the university for the graduate degree program. Students beginning their graduate program in August 2023 or January 2024 are preferred, but a later start date may be considered.

If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact Daniel Ciolkosz at dec109@psu.edu

This work was supported by the USDA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, Sustainable Agricultural Systems program as part of the Mid-Atlantic Sustainable Biomass for Value-added Products Consortium (MASBio) project, #2020-68012-31881. This work is also supported in part by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Hatch Appropriations under Project # PEN04697 and Accession # 1019212.

The University is committed to equal access to programs, facilities, admission and employment for all persons. It is the policy of the University to maintain an environment free of harassment and free of discrimination against any person because of age, race, color, ancestry, national origin, religion, creed, service in the uniformed services (as defined in state and federal law), veteran status, sex, sexual orientation, marital or family status, pregnancy, pregnancy-related conditions, physical or mental disability, gender, perceived gender, gender identity, genetic information or political ideas. Discriminatory conduct and harassment, as well as sexual misconduct and relationship violence, violates the dignity of individuals, impedes the realization of the University’s educational mission, and will not be tolerated. Direct all inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policy to the Affirmative Action Office, The Pennsylvania State University, 328 Boucke Building, University Park, PA 16802-5901, Email: aao@psu.edu, Tel (814) 863-0471.

PhD positions in Biogeochemistry at West Virginia University

PhD student positions are available in the lab of Dr. Eddie Brzostek (www.brzosteklab.com) in the Department of Biology at West Virginia University (WVU). Broadly, our lab studies how interactions between plants and soil microbes influence carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest and agricultural ecosystems, and how these interactions will impact ecosystem responses to global change. To do this, we couple empirical measurements with process and ecosystem model development to scale up mechanisms that operate at the level of individual roots and their associated mycorrhizae to larger scales. Incoming students are encouraged to develop their own research projects in these areas. Importantly, we strive to promote a fun, enthusiastic lab environment that encourages an atmosphere of collaboration and shared intellectual development.

The Department of Biology at WVU has a core of faculty members that study a variety of topics in ecology and also is in close proximity to world-class research sites including the WVU Research Forest and the Fernow Experimental Forest (http://www.as.wvu.edu/fernow/). Financial support is available via research and teaching assistantships and there are additional opportunities for research and travel funds. More detailed information about the WVU Biology graduate student program is available at https://biology.wvu.edu/students/graduate-students. Prospective applicants are strongly encouraged to contact Eddie Brzostek (erbrzostek@mix.wvu.edu  ) prior to submitting an application to WVU.

Graduate student position in Wetland Ecology and Restoration

 Graduate student position in the Wetland Ecology and Restoration Lab at Utah State University

 

The Wetland Ecology and Restoration Lab in the Department of Watershed Sciences at Utah State University has openings for an M.S. or Ph.D. student starting summer or fall 2023.  The student will be under the guidance of Dr. Karin Kettenring (www.karinkettenring.com), whose research focuses on wetland plant ecology, restoration genetics, seed-based wetland restoration, and invasive species ecology and management. 

 

This position is part of an EPA grant that is funding a wetland restoration demonstration project on Great Salt Lake.  Restoration experiments at this demonstration site will focus on native plant recovery in wetlands including seed-based approaches, cost-benefit analyses, and restoration decision-making tool development.  In addition, a critical component of the project will be engagement with wetland stakeholders and communication of study results to restoration practitioners. 

 

This position provides a research assistantship, tuition and fees, health insurance, and research expenses.  Potential students with interests in wetland restoration, plant and seed ecology, plant functional traits, native plant revegetation, invasion resistance, restoration genetics, plant propagation, cost-benefit analyses, stakeholder engagement, and science communication should apply.

 

Interested candidates can apply here with their transcripts (unofficial okay), a statement of research interests, and a resume or CV.  Review of applicants will begin February 10, 2023, and continue until the position is filled. 

 

The Wetland Ecology and Restoration Lab is in the Quinney College of Natural Resources at Utah State University in Logan, UT.  Logan is in Cache Valley, a community of 133,000 people situated 85 miles north of Salt Lake City.  Logan has a low cost of living and is in a semi-rural mountain basin with nearby ski resorts, wetlands, lakes, rivers, and an extensive trail system with unparalleled recreational opportunities.

PhD position in Coastal Water Quality

PhD position announcement:

 

 https://www.ecoeng.org/jobs-2/phd-position-in-coastal-water-quality

 

Funded MS/PhD NSF Research Traineeships in Ecosystems Genomics at UArizona

Recruiting MS and PhD students into our Building Resources for InterDisciplinary training in Genomic and Ecosystem Sciences (BRIDGES) NSF Research Traineeship for Fall 2023. The BRIDGES NRT program offers:

 * An exciting training and professional development opportunity within a community of scholars who foster inclusive excellence through diversity of cultures, disciplines, and demographics;


 * Competitive student fellowships ($34,000 stipend per year for up to two years, plus tuition waiver) for U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents;


 * For international students, other sources of support for graduate studies (such as research assistantships, teaching assistantships, other kinds of fellowships, etc.) may be available from other sources, and such students are welcome to apply to become BRIDGES trainees;


 * Choice of biologically-oriented transdisciplinary graduate training programs, from ecology and evolution, to plant, insect and environmental sciences to big data science and engineering to atmospheric sciences.

We welcome and encourage applications by students representing all dimensions of diversity. All eligible matriculating UArizona students with an interest in Ecosystem Genomics can apply to the BRIDGES training program as participants, independent of nationality. NSF guidelines specify that eligibility for BRIDGES fellowships is limited to U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents.

Applications received by December 9, 2022 will be included in our first review, but those submitted after the date will be considered if space and funding is available.

Visit http://bridges.arizona.edu for more details and contact us at BRIDGES.NRT@gmail.com with any questions.

Sewall Lab at Temple University Opportunities

In the Sewall Lab at Temple University research, they seek to understand critical and emerging threats to biodiversity and to develop effective strategies for conservation. In particular, they focus on three principal challenges in conservation biology: understanding key drivers of stability in ecological communities, evaluating impacts of important threats to biodiversity, and developing practical conservation strategies for threatened species and ecosystems.

Several opportunities are currently available in the Sewall Lab at Temple University.

• An open postdoc position in Disease Ecology / White-Nose Syndrome research
• An open postdoc position in Quantitative Ecology and Conservation Biology
• Opportunities for Prospective Graduate Students interested in the Sewall Lab at Temple University
• Opportunities for Undergraduate Students interested in the Sewall Lab at Temple University
• Opportunities for other Prospective Postdoctoral Researchers interested in the Sewall Lab at Temple University

To learn more click here

PhD position - Southern Illinois University

 

University of DC - Graduate Student Aquaponics

 

PhD Position - Bat Ecology

The Ohio University Bat Lab is seeking a highly motivated student for a Ph.D. research assistantship. The position is fully funded and will begin in the fall of 2021. Our lab focuses on mammal ecology and conservation, with a focus on bats. Our goals are to promote species conservation and to mentor the next generation of mammalogists through research, sound stewardship, and public outreach. To those ends, our students use a diverse set of tools in the field and in the lab to ask questions about bat ecology and physiology in Ohio and beyond.

A Ph.D. student is currently needed to lead a study of bat winter ecology and habitat management in Ohio. The student’s primary duties will be to conduct winter surveys throughout the state, deploy and manage environmental data loggers, maintain a novel monitoring system, and provide management recommendations based on the data collected. The ideal candidate will be able to build upon the funded project to create their own research questions as part of their doctoral training. Additional duties may include harp trapping and radio-telemetry, and candidates with a background working with bats are strongly encouraged to apply.

A strong work ethic and passion for biology are required. Experience with bats is preferred, but exceptions are possible for candidates with other highly sought-after skill sets. Candidates with a master’s degree in a biology-related field are desired, but exceptional students with bachelor’s degrees will be considered. Regardless of the highest degree achieved, applicants must have experience working in the field, a fundamental understanding of bat winter ecology, and a strong background in statistical software such as R. Because the student will often work with DIY electronics, confidence with working with tools, electronics, and computers are strongly desired.

This is a funded position that includes salary, tuition, and benefits. Information on how to apply to the graduate program at Ohio University is online at https://www.ohio.edu/cas/biology/graduate. Applications must be received by January 8th. Interested applicants must email their CV and a letter of interest to Dr. Joseph Johnson (jjohnson@ohio.edu) prior to applying. Informal interviews will be conducted ASAP.

 

Ph.D. Graduate Research Assistantship in Soil Health - University of Wyoming, Laramie

A USDA funded Ph.D. graduate research assistantship, starting in Spring of 2021, is jointly available in the Soil Biogeochemistry and Soil Microbial Ecology Groups in the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management at the University of Wyoming, Laramie. We seek a highly-motivated Ph.D. student to conduct research on improving soil health, biodiversity, and productivity of irrigated meadows. This is an interdisciplinary study that will benefit from a student with experience in both field and laboratory research. The ideal candidate will have a BS and/or M.S. degree in soil science, (bio)geochemistry, environmental science, or closely related discipline with a strong interest in soil biogeochemistry, soil microbiology, ecology, statistics, and modelling.

Project summary: Irrigated meadows above 2000-m elevation are crucial but under-performing components of livestock operations in rangeland agroecosystems. Nutrient availability is key to sustainable agriculture, but irrigated meadows concentrate organic materials above the soil, constraining microbial-mediated N cycling, binding nutrients, and limiting productivity and biodiversity. Improved understanding of linkages among soil organic matter processes, management, and ecosystem services is necessary for long-term resilience. Our goal is to develop process-level understanding in support of management that improves soil health, biodiversity, and productivity of irrigated meadows. Soils will be sampled in meadows with different long-term management scenarios, and will be analyzed for a variety of properties and SOM processes that affect N availability with integrated quantification of labile C and N components, organic matter C and N speciation (C and N K-edge XANES spectroscopy and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry), microbial community composition and function using phospholipid fatty acid analysis, extracellular enzyme activity, and C-substrate utilization. Data will be integrated with structural equation modeling to better understand causal linkages in processes that result in limited N availability.

For more information, please contact Dr. Linda Van Diepen, Assistant Professor of Soil Microbial Ecology at linda.vandiepen@uwyo.edu   (http://www.uwyo.edu/esm/faculty-and-staff/linda-van-diepen/), and Dr. Mengqiang "Mike" Zhu, Associate Professor of Soil and Environmental Biogeochemistry at mzhu6@uwyo.edu   (http://www.uwyo.edu/zhuensochem/).

If you would like to apply for this position, email Drs. van Diepen and Zhu with "Soil Health graduate assistantship"  as the subject line. Include the following in a single pdf: 1) statement of interest; 2) complete CV; 3) unofficial GRE scores; 4) unofficial transcripts; and 5) contact information for 3 references. For applicants who have a thesis-based master's degree, GRE scores can be waived. International applicants also need to submit TOEFL or IELTS scores. Please contact Drs. van Diepen and Zhu if you have any questions about the position. Applications (emailed pdf) will be reviewed as they arrive and given full consideration if received by November 1st, 2020.

The ESM department at UW has a great SOILS group, with experts in pedology, soil physics, soil chemistry, soil fertility, and soil microbiology. The University of Wyoming is located in Laramie, Wyoming, and is only 1 hour from Fort Collins, Colorado, and ~ 2 hrs from Denver International Airport. From Laramie you have easy access to a multitude of outdoor activities, from skiing and snowshoeing in wintertime and mountain biking and hiking in the summertime.

The University of Wyoming is an Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability or protected veteran status or any other characteristic protected by law and University policy. Please see www.uwyo.edu/diversity/fairness.